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1935年9月15日德国议会在纽伦堡通过的种族法令。这些法令成为德国反犹种族主义政策的法律基础。随后8年中又新增了13条法令。这些法令中就有第一次为谁是犹太人和雅利安人下的官方定义。犹太人如果拥有3或4位犹太祖父母和外祖父母,就被当作纯种犹太人。
第一条纽伦堡法令叫德国公民权法,宣称只有雅利安人可以成为德国公民。这就剥夺了犹太人的政治权利,把他们的地位从与雅利安人相同的帝国公民(Reichsburger)降至国家臣民(Staatsangehorige)。第二条法令叫德意志血统和荣誉保护法,禁止德国人与犹太人通婚和私通,禁止犹太人家庭雇佣45岁以下的德国女佣,禁止犹太人升德国国旗。
早期的反犹政策对参加过一战的犹太士兵以及在1914年一战爆发前就已为政府工作的犹太官员不适用。纽伦堡法令则取消了这些差别,犹太战争英雄受到的待遇与任何其他德国犹太人同样糟糕。
到1935年夏,时势已迫切需要类似于纽伦堡法令这样的法律。纳粹党针对德国犹太人地位的政策尚不明确,纳粹领导人与州一级官员在犹太人问题上起了冲突。反犹暴乱出现后,纳粹党和公众都要求在这方面有所澄清,希特勒感到压力,觉得有必要就此做出反应。纽伦堡法令安抚了那些主张在党纲中写入恶毒反犹言辞的纳粹官员。
纽伦堡法令不仅提供了法定的法律机制将犹太人排斥出德国主流文化,而且为纳粹党在前几个月里实施的反犹暴乱和逮捕找到了合理借口。
Translated by: Lihong Song, Yan Sun, Zhipeng Zuo, Miao Wang
The Diane and Guilford Glazer Institute of Jewish Studies Nanjing University
南京大学格来泽犹太文化研究所
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