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(又译作?水晶之夜?)
纳粹于1938年11月9至10日在德国和奥地利实行的集体迫害(对犹太人的屠杀或袭击)。?Kristallnacht?之名是指聚众闹事者打碎的店铺橱窗的玻璃。纳粹发动?碎玻璃之夜?,名义上是为了报复赫舍尔?格林斯潘这位年轻的犹太难民于11月7日在巴黎行刺德国大使馆官员恩斯特?冯拉特。11月9日,冯拉特因伤死去。
同一天晚上,一群纳粹领导人在慕尼黑集会,纪念1923年希特勒为接管巴伐利亚州政府而发动的未遂政变。纳粹宣传部部长约瑟夫?戈培尔告诉与会者,是时候攻击犹太人了。在场的纳粹领导遂向自己遍及全国的手下发出指令,让他们表现的像是集体迫害的参与者而不是发动者。数小时之内,疯狂的骚乱爆发了。犹太人商店的橱窗被打碎,店铺遭洗劫,几百座犹太会堂和住宅被焚毁,许多犹太人遭到人身攻击。约30,000犹太人被捕,其中许多是各自社团中的富人和要人,他们被驱逐到达豪、萨克森豪森和布痕瓦尔德的集中营,在那里受到非人的残酷对待,许多人因此死去。仅在集体迫害期间,就有约90名犹太人遇害。
这次集体迫害之后,纳粹继续实行严酷的反犹措施。掠夺犹太人财产的雅利安化进程加快了;犹太人社团被迫交纳十亿马克的罚金,表面上是作为对冯拉特之死的补偿;德国人设立了犹太移民中央办公室(Zenstralstelle fuer Juedische Auswanderung),以?鼓励?犹太人离开德国。
西方国家甚至苏联都对?碎玻璃之夜?的集体迫害感到震惊,某些政府因而开始接纳更多的难民。然而,纳粹并未裹足不前,反而顺势加速了他们消灭欧洲犹太人的计划。
Translated by: Lihong Song, Yan Sun, Zhipeng Zuo, Miao Wang
The Diane and Guilford Glazer Institute of Jewish Studies Nanjing University
南京大学格来泽犹太文化研究所
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