Members of the movements and the political parties considered joint resistance efforts. On 21 January 1942 attended by Major Isidore Frucht of Beitar, Yitzhak Wittenberg and Chenya Borowska, representatives of the communists, Abba Kovner of Hashomer Hatzair and Nissan Reznik of Hanoar Hatzioni met in Josef Glazman's (the head of Beitar in Poland) apartment and established the FPO (Fareynegte Partizaner Organizatsye - United Partisan Organisation). They determined that the aim of the FPO would be to prepare an armed mass-uprising in the event of any attempt to liquidate the ghetto. A Staff Command under the leadership of Wittenberg was established and its members included Glazman and Kovner. A short while later the young Bundists joined the organisation and Nissan Reznik, representative of Hanoar Hatzioni, and Abraham Chwojnik, representative of the Bund joined the Staff Command. At its peak the FPO numbered approximately 300 members organised into two units under the command of Glazman and Kovner.

While on a mission to the Warsaw ghetto, Lonka Kozibrodska (right) was seized by the Germans with this photograph in her possession. Her arrest was followed by that of Bella Chazan (center), who was carrying pistols and an underground newspaper. The two were deported to Auschwitz as Poles. Lonka was murdered in the camp in March 1943; Bella survived. The courier Tema Schneiderman (left), who made the trip between Bialystok and Warsaw dozens of times, was caught during the Aktion of 18 January 1943 in the Warsaw ghetto, and murdered in Treblinka.
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Courtesy of The Ghetto Fighters' House / Israel


He was killed in battle on 1 September 1943, while fighting the Germans in the Vilna ghetto.
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The photograph in the middle shows the building in the Vilna ghetto that housed the FPO headquarters
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In May 1944 she was captured by the Gestapo in Vilna, shot herslf and died a few days later.
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Yitzhak was killed in the ranks of the partisans.
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Yitzhak and Moshe were killed in the ranks of the partisans. Vitka survived.
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